"Hacktivism is the nonviolent use of illegal or legally ambiguous digital tools in pursuit of political ends" (p. 2). "These tools include web site defacements, redirects, denial-of-service attacks, information theft, web site parodies, virtual sit-ins, virtual sabotage, and software development" (p. iii). "The “type” of hacktivism categorizes people: political crackers, performative hackers, and political coders." (p. 36)
"Commonly defined as the marriage of political activism and computer hacking (Denning 1999; National Infrastructure Protection Center 2001), hacktivism combines the transgressive politics of civil disobedience with the technologies and techniques of computer hackers. The result has been the rapid explosion and diffusion of a digital repertoire of political transgression, harnessed to a wide range of political causes." (p. 1)
SAMUEL, Alexandra (2004) Hacktivism and the future of Political Participation. Tese para Doctorado em Filosofia na Universidade de Harvard.