SEP5848 - Integrated Innovation and Technology Management (2019)

Process is an approach to achieving managerial objective through the transformation of inputs into outputs (Dilek)

Any product can be conceptualized as a combination of three elements: matter, energy, and information. Product is raw materials + design information that goes throught a processes of transforming energy.

https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/digitizing-products-for-sustainabilitys-sake/

something that is made to be sold, usually something that is produced by an industrial process or, less commonly, something that is grown or obtained through farming.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/product

According to Baines (2007), PSS is a market proposition that extends the traditional functionality of a product by incorporating additional services, where the focus is “sale of use” (the customer pays for using an asset, rather than its purchase). 

Tukker (2015) distinguishes three types of PSS: product-oriented PSS (products are sold to the user, but additional services are added, such as maintenance); use-oriented PSS (the business model is geared toward selling the product function, that is, through leasing or renting and the product remains the ownership of the PSS provider); and result-oriented PSS (the business model is geared toward selling a result and is as such closest to offering a pure service, where no predetermined product is involved).

BAINES, T. S. et al. State-of-the-art in product-service systems. Journal of engineering manufacture, 221(10), 1543-1552, 2007.

TUKKER, A. Product services for a resource-efficient and circular economy–a review. Journal of cleaner production, 97, 76-91, 2015.

Capacity, knowledge, or skill that matches or suits an occasion, or makes someone eligible for a duty, office, position, privilege, or status. Qualification denotes fitness for purpose through fulfillment of necessary conditions such as attainment of a certain age, taking of an oath, completion of required schooling or training, or acquisition of a degree or diploma. Qualification does not necessarily imply competence.

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/qualification.html

an ability, characteristic, or experience that makes you suitable for a particular job or activity

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/dicionario/ingles/qualification

Routine describes a repetitive pattern of activity

"an activity (work) done for others with an economic value and often done on a commercial basis. In this project, we include work done by human beings as well as by automated systems" Goedkoop et al. 1999

Service-dominat logic --> goods are seen as distribution mechanisms for service provision. The value of goods is based on their value-in-use and determined by the customer. Value has not only an economic dimension, but also functional and psychological dimensions . All goods (including raw materials and partly-formed goods) are exchanged for their value-in-use, and until “used up”, goods act as service appliances in the hands of a customer. The role of the supplier then becomes that of a collaborative resource integrator and co-creator of value with the customer.

Kowalkowski, C. (2010). What does a service-dominant logic really mean for manufacturing firms?. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and technology, 3(4), 285-292.

Servitization is the term given to a transformation where manufacturers increasingly offer services that are tightly coupled to their products (Baines et al., 2007).

Stakeholders are groups or individuals that can affected or can be affected by the organization activities (Freeman, 1984).

FREEMAN, R. Edward. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman, Boston, MA. 1984.

Stakeholders can be any group or individuals that create and capture economic and non-economic value in the interaction with organizations (Garcia-Castro; Aguilera, 2015).

GARCIA‐CASTRO, Roberto; AGUILERA, Ruth V. Incremental value creation and appropriation in a world with multiple stakeholders. Strategic Management Journal, v. 36, n. 1, p. 137-147, 2015.

Assets + Knowledge (class discussion)