Programação
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Versão atualizada do programa do curso, única referencia válida para a literatura, a avaliação e demais informações sobre a estrutura base do curso.
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Leitura obrigatória Aula 1
Energy poverty and vulnerability: a geographical perspective
Deprivation of energy in the home has become widely recognized as a serious problem for millions of people around the world. In the United Kingdom (UK), ‘fuel poverty’ has gained prominence within academic, media, policy and public discourse over the past twenty years, and is now acknowledged as a major societal challenge and form of injustice (Walker and Day, 2012). The term is typically used to describe households who are unable to heat their homes affordably, resulting in insufficient levels of warmth that potentially harm the health of occupants (Liddell et al., 2012). Elsewhere, the term ‘energy poverty’ has been used to refer to either problems of a lack of access to energy (especially electricity) in the ‘Global South’ (Pachauri and Spreng, 2011; Pachauri and Spreng, 2004), or more recently to issues of heating affordability in developed countries outside of the UK (Bouzarovski and Petrova, 2015).
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A natureza das crises nos Sistemas socioeconómicos capitalistas
A atualidade é pautada por discursos contraditórios em torno da(s) crise(s). Este artigo faz uma incursão pelo quadro de conceitos que permitem compreender a crise, atendendo aos diferentes graus de intensidade e aos modos como se mani- festam nos sistemas socioeconómicos. Cria-se assim substrato para refletir sobre as relações entre crise, capitalismo e neoliberalismo. Mantendo os paradigmas vigentes e ignorando a complexidade própria dos sistemas socioeconómicos, am- pliam-se as condições para gerar e/ou fazer perpetuar, quadros de crise.
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Como sobe nos dizer com grande efetividade a Julia Leyda, uma importante geógrafa da literatura, a vida no pós-crise financeira Antropoceno significa reconhecer, aceitar, e encontrar maneiras de sobreviver ao que os humanos (especialmente americanos e aqueles em outros países de alta populações consumidoras de carbono) fizeram para destruir casas, tanto casas particulares como propriedade imobiliária e nossa casa coletiva, a Terra. Este curto video indicado no artigo da Leyda como ilustrativo tem como premissa que a atividade humana, na forma de irresponsabilidade financeira e emissões de combustíveis fósseis, decretou o homicídio, destruindo casa(s) e instanciando certas formas de mobilidade forçada em ambos os casos. Embora essas duas crises contemporâneas raramente sejam teorizadas juntas, proponho com a autora que sejam analisadas conjuntamente como uma atividade bem produtiva para ilustrar as raizes da pobreza energética nas crisis financiarias e ecológicas contemporâneas.
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Ver descrição no recurs do 99 Homes Video legendado. Os dois trailers precisam ser vistos em sequência.
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26 mar. de 2022 O anúncio do presidente russo de que países "hostis" a Moscou devem pagar as entregas de gás com rublos mostra que ele está disposto a usar a energia como arma na guerra da Ucrânia. Isso coloca o Ocidente em uma situação difícil.
A guerra na Ucrânia causou estragos na economia global, enquanto o mundo se recupera dos altos preços da energia e dos metais. À medida que a guerra avança, a DW analisa as consequências nos mercados de commodities desde a invasão de 24 de fevereiro.
Os mercados de commodities estão em destaque, pois a Rússia continua vendendo seu petróleo e gás por meio de revendedores especializados na Suíça. O negócio rende bilhões de dólares que poderiam ser usados para combater a guerra na Ucrânia.
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Quer aprender mais sobre a Vulnerabilidade Energética (VE)?
Maravilha! Trabalhe um pouco no mapa conceitual no power point em anexo e leve suas ideias para a Aula 2 para discutir.
A tarefa consiste em pensar em mais dimensões da VE.
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O que o grupo opina da posição expressada pela Ruggeri Laderchi do Banco Mundial em mérito a paises a Asia num video que já tem seus 10 anos mas que continua gerando debate...
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2013/06/25/video-interview-with-caterina-ruggeri-laderchi
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Literatura obrigatória Aula 2
Possibilidades e limites da transições energética: uma análise à luz da ciência pós-normal
O presente artigo apresenta algumas das ideias desenvolvidas pela linha de pesquisa sobre ciência pós-normal e democratização do conhecimento do Projeto Temático Fapesp “Governança Ambiental no Contexto da Macrometrópole Paulista face à Variabilidade Climática”1 (Jacobi; Toledo; Giatti, 2019). A ciência pós-normal reflete essa ontologia em metodologias híbridas como forma de explicar fenômenos complexos como as mudanças climáticas e a necessária transição enérgica para fontes renováveis que mitiguem emissões de gases poluentes e de efeito estufa, e para uma vigorosa alteração do perfil de consumo que implique a redução da demanda energética. Com base nesse referencial, o artigo adota uma estrutura conceitual que busca trazer a noção de “estilo de política”, tomando como recorte dois desafios de caráter sistêmico: a transição energética e a mitigação e adaptação à mudança climática.
O presente estudo está estruturado da seguinte forma: na primeira parte é apresentada a metodologia, que detalha a abordagem qualitativa do estudo e apresenta a triangulação de métodos. Posteriormente, é apresentada a funda- mentação teórica e os elementos conceituais para uma governança da energia com base no paradigma emergente da ciência pós-normal. Por fim, o artigo aplica o arcabouço conceitual apresentado em três estudos de casos: a geopolítica da energia na América do Sul no nível macro; o Plano Decenal de Energia no Brasil no nível meso; e, no nível micro, as políticas de mitigação e adaptação frente à mudança climática na cidade de São Paulo. Os casos são contrastados na perspectiva da construção de um conhecimento multinível e multiescalar da transição energética.
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Leitura obrigatória Aula 2
Hacia una definición de transición energética para Sudamérica: Antropoceno, Geopolítica y Posdesarrollo
La idea de transición energética, en su acepción genérica el pasaje hacia sociedades soportadas en una matriz energética que se alimente de fuentes renovables y sustentables, ha venido ganando globalmente cada vez mayor notoriedad; fundamentalmente a causa del agotamiento próximo de los combustibles fósiles y del cambio ambiental global que propician. Nos proponemos discutir y definir la idea de transición energética, bajo la hipótesis de que solo bajo una concepción “integral” que contemple sus aristas ambientales, económicas, culturales y políticas es posible desplegar el potencial transformador que contiene. Asumimos que el debate acerca de la transición es vital, ya que los países del subcontinente empiezan a incorporar cada vez más intensidad el nuevo paradigma energético a sus agendas de cambio. En este sentido, debatimos la idea de “transición” al interior de la actual “era del antropoceno” –en la que la fuerza humana ha devenido una fuerza geológica en el planeta–, para así vincularla a una geopolítica Sudamericana autónoma y a una planificación para el “posdesarrollo” y el “buen vivir”.
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Sessão de acompanhamento à leitura e esclarecimento de dúvidas.
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Aquí vai a apresentação da aula 2
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Entre com este link
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A Covid-19 e o Direito à Cidade dos Pobres no Brasil (pág. 25-34 no arquivo anexo).
SE O VÍRUS CAUSADOR DA PANDEMIA TIVESSE UM DNA, ele traria o gene da sociedade urbana. Diferentemente de doenças como a febre amarela, a dengue ou a hantavirose, a doença causada pelo Sars-CoV-2 não encontraria meios de dispersão eficientes em um planeta coberto de aldeias e comuni- dades rurais. Diante da novidade, da extensão, da letalidade e da velocidade do contágio pelo novo coronavírus, a profilaxia foi estabelecida menos no âmbito da biomedicina do que nos âmbitos social e urbano. A principal frente de combate à pandemia se dirige, assim, por esse componente genético: é contra a própria forma da proximidade, do encontro e da reunião dos corpos que o ataque à doença se volta.
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O artigo trata da cobertura da mídia sobre os rios e córregospaulistanos, entre 2006 e 2016, analisando os discursospela permanência ou ruptura do paradigma de canalização do cursosd'água, estabelecido ao longo do século XX.
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Arquivo do PPT da Aula 3
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Bom dia,
por favor aqui encontram o video ao qual assistimos na última aula.
Feliz fim de semana.
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The monetary approach to poverty: a survey of concepts and methods
This paper will briefly survey the monetary approach to poverty measurement – a set of techniques and methodologies, adopted mostly by economists, based on the identification of poverty with a shortfall in a monetary indicator and the "objective" derivation of a poverty line.
In order to describe these methodologies, the underlying rationale and the factors which have contributed to the current shape of this “approach”, we will start by discussing the origins of such an approach. This will allow us to substantiate our claim about the peculiar and measurement driven nature of this approach to the definition of poverty, as well as critically to assess the extent to which the “objectivity” of the methods makes the results immune from value judgements. Further, it will allow us to identify some crucial features of this approach, which will be discussed with respect to current developments in the literature. A particular emphasis will be placed on identifying the key issues which need to be addressed in the context of comparisons across investigations.
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New Thinking on Poverty: Implications for Globalisation and Poverty Reduction Strategies
Three main changes in thinking about poverty have gained increasing currency over the past decade. First, the concept of poverty has broadened, with increasing attention to issues of vulnerability, inequality and human rights. Second, the causal structure has broadened to include causal variables, such as social, political, cultural, coercive and environmental capital. Third, the causal structure has deepened to focus on flows of individuals into and out of poverty, rather than on changes in the stock of poverty, and on strategies of social protection versus poverty reduction. The paper reviews these changes and their implications for globalisation and policy.
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Arquivo da apresentação da Aula 4
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Hoje vamos discutir de maneira prévia esta literatura para quem estivesse interessado/a.
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O enlace recomendado pelo Profe. Célio.
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Explicar as trajetórias em amarelo
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Energy Poverty. (Dis) Assembling Europe’s Infrastructural Divide, chapter 2 'Understanding Energy Poverty, Vulnerability and Justice' (só pág. 9-29).
This chapter outlines past and current definitional issues at the nexus of energy poverty, energy vulnerability, energy justice, and energy transitions. It traces the historical development of scientific understandings centring on these topics, while exploring their interactions and inter-dependencies. The chapter starts from the multiple definitional controversies surrounding fuel poverty and energy poverty, to then dis- cuss the different ways in which notions of energy vulnerability and energy justice have enriched traditional understandings. The latter has been achieved, in part, thanks to a fuller appreciation of the services and production chains via which energy circulates across territories.
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Energy Vulnerability in the Grain of the City: Toward Neighborhood Typologies of Material Deprivation
Geographers are increasingly engaging with the driving forces and implications of energy poverty—a specific but relatively unknown form of material deprivation that emerges at the nexus of sociodemographic inequalities and built formations. In this article, we argue that an improved understanding of the urban embeddedness of energy poverty can provide novel insights into the systemic underpinnings of injustice. We thus develop a conceptual framework focusing on the links between the sociodemographic and housing vulnerabilities to energy poverty on the one hand and wider patterns of urban social inequality on the other. This approach is applied to the study of several postcommunist cities in eastern and central Europe (ECE), where energy poverty has expanded rapidly over the past two decades. Using evidence from extensive custom-built neighborhood surveys, we interrogate the sociodemographic, housing, and infrastructural features of households that experience a lack of adequate domestic energy services. Our results point to the existence of distinct landscapes and typologies of energy vulnerability in the urban fabric. Material deprivation—a phenomenon that has rarely been studied in infrastructural terms—creates new sociospatial inequalities that might supplant patterns and processes of intraurban differentiation
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Pobreza Energética: Conceitos e Indicadores
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Romero, Linares & López (2018). The policy implications of energy poverty indicators
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Ver o anuncio do dia 10.08.2022
Alterações:
6a. aula-09/08: POBREZA ENERGÉTICA NO BRASIL
· Elementos históricos da pobreza energética no Brasil
· Características da pobreza energética no Brasil
· O IBGE e a pobreza energética
Bibliografia:
(DE MEDEIROS GALVÃO et al., 2020)
(PIAI; GOMES; JANNUZZI, 2020)
Leituras de apoio
(GIANNINI PEREIRA; VASCONCELOS FREITAS; DA SILVA, 2011)
7a. aula-16/08: ENERGIA ACCESSÍVEL E A UM JUSTO PREÇO: O Debate do ODS7
· Implicações dos ODS para a energia
· Para além dos ODS, o acesso a energia e a cidadania energética
· Fronteiras da energia distribuída
Bibliografia:
(LAMPIS et al., 2020)
(HILLERBRAND, 2018)
(ROSAS LUNA et al., 2019)
Leituras de apoio
(PACHAURI et al., 2013)
8a. aula-23/08: JUSTIÇA ENERGÉTICA E POBREZA ENERGÉTICA
· Repensar a justiça, para além da redistribuição: representação e reconhecimento.
· A abordagem das capacidades e suas potencialidades para uma teoria normativa da justiça e suas implicações em termos de género.
Bibliografia:
(FRASER, 1997)
(GARCÍA-GARCÍA; CARPINTERO; BUENDÍA, 2020)
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Parte 1 da apresentação do Andrea Lampis / contem algumas lâminas que acrescentei para explicar alguns argumentos que por tempo não alcancei cobrir.
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Connections Between Wind Energy, Poverty and Social Sustainability in Brazil’s Semiarid
In Brazil, the technical-scientific and informational knowledge records abundance of winds of high commercial viability and its use has usually occurred in spaces socially characterized by poverty. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the Mato Grande territory concentrates 3758 MW of installed capacity in 114 wind farms. In opposition to this economic and technological development, 5191 families settled in 73 rural settlements live in poverty, living with restrictions on land use and exploitation caused by water stress and without enjoying the benefits of energy activity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand the connections between the implementation of wind farms as sustainability promoters and the permanence of poverty levels. To this end, a literature review, secondary data systematization and field visits to two wind farms and two rural settlements were conducted, where interviews were conducted with their representatives. The results show that wind energy does not positively impact the researched region that has a history of backwardness and poverty. They also indicate that the wind projects implemented in the study area have disregarded the yearning for the development of the surrounding communities, since after a decade, they did not promote inflections on the family welfare curve. The research innovates in addressing the relationship between poverty and energy, thus, surpassing the frontier of the discussion “Energy Poverty”, since access to electricity is already universal in Brazil.
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Integrated resources planning as a tool to address energy poverty in Brazil
This paper departs from a planning tool to assist policy makers and energy planners to improve energy access and affordability, besides developmental needs of low-income/underserved households and small entrepreneurs. The methodology aims to systematically integrate energy technologies (supply and demand-side), new and innovative business models and local developmental issues into long-term power plans by applying concepts and the process known as Integrated Resources Planning (IRP). To illustrate the application of the methodology, referred to as IRP-Access in this paper, some possibilities are tested to reduce Energy Service Costs (EC), analyzing the impacts in the electricity affordability of low-income consumers. For this purpose, we use data from a Brazilian electricity concessionaire which operates in a complex socioeconomic region in the Southeast of the country, where the energy access is solved, but affordability is still a current issue. The results illustrate the potential of implementing technological alternatives in Brazil, from the supply and demand side, in order to improve affordability, to address energy poverty and to systematically incorporate such critical issues into the long-term energy planning.
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Power point da aula 7
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ODS 7 - Dilemas do acesso justo e sustentável à energia
Dentre os 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) lança- dos em 2015, este capítulo apresenta uma análise crítica sobre os desafios que a Macrometrópole Paulista (MMP) enfrenta na busca para cumprir o ODS 7 que traz como título “Energia Limpa e Acessível - assegurar o acesso confiável, sustentável, moderno e a preço acessível à energia para todas e todos” (ONU, 2015).
Muito embora o termo “energia limpa” seja discutível, na medida em que toda e qualquer fonte energética, na sua produção ou no seu consumo, sempre acarreta consequências ambientais negativas, em maior ou menor escala, o termo acabou sendo utilizado em contraposição aos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, gás natural e carvão mineral), emissores dos Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE). Apesar desta restrição conceitual, o ODS 7 envolve aspectos sociais e econômicos, sob a perspectiva da equidade e da justiça social e ambiental, o que exige novas formas de governança.
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Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generation in Brazil: The Case of Resolution 482/2012
The current electric generation in Brazil to meet its demand is based on centralized electricity generation, however, a new decentralized model is emerging in light of the recent advance of distributed generation (DG), among them, solar District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the photovoltaic DG. The objective of this article is to present an analysis of the evolution of solar photovoltaic DG in greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector.
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NERINI et al. (2017). Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—including 17 interconnected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets—is a global plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. SDG7 calls for action to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. Here we characterize synergies and trade-offs between efforts to achieve SDG7 and delivery of the 2030 Agenda as a whole. We identify 113 targets requiring actions to change energy systems, and published evidence of relationships between 143 targets (143 synergies, 65 trade-offs)and efforts to achieve SDG7. Synergies and trade- offs exist in three key domains, where decisions about SDG7 affect humanity’s ability to: realize aspirations of greater welfare and well-being; build physical and social infrastructures for sustainable development; and achieve sustainable management of the natural environment. There is an urgent need to better organize, connect and extend this evidence, to help all actors work together to achieve sustainable development.
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HILLEBRAND (2018). Why Affordable Clean Energy Is Not Enough. A Capability Perspective on the Sustainable Development Goals
This paper reflects on criticisms raised in the literature on the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These have been criticized as creating a dichotomy between the environment and human beings that fails to address the multiple interconnections between the two. This paper focuses on SDG7—“affordable and clean energy”—and suggests that there is in fact a tripartite distinction between the environment, human beings and technology underlying the SDGs. This distinction, we argue, does not adequately represent the multiple interconnections among the various SDGs and hampers their implementation. We contend that the formulation of SDG7 produces a circular definition of sustainability, a difficulty that is currently resolved at the level of the targets and indicators in a way that regards energy technologies primarily as artifacts. By contrast, the literature on ethical aspects of energy systems largely agrees that energy is a paradigmatic example of a sociotechnical system. We contend that, by not considering this sociotechnical nature, the SDGs run the risk of implicitly defending a certain variant of technological optimism and determinism. We argue that this is disadvantageous to the environment, human well-being and technological development. In line with recent critical evaluations of the SDGs, we argue that these (and other) shortcomings can be addressed by better connecting the SDGs to human well-being. Building on recent literature that expands the scope of the Capability Approach as an alternative measure of well-being so as to include considerations of sustainability, we articulate a framework that allows us to elucidate this connection and thus to take advantage of synergies between human well-being and the environment. On the basis of the Capability Approach, we argue that equating sustainable energy with renewable energy—as is done in the transition from SDG7’s goal to its targets—is indefensible because, as part of the overarching energy systems, energy technologies cannot be classified as simply right or wrong. Rather, the indicators and targets within a framework focused on sustainability need to be (more) context sensitive, meaning that, among other things, they may vary by country and with the available technology.
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Link ppt
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Social Justice in the Knowledge Society: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation
Even if we cannot yet be sure how best to characterize the overall change, it is clear that several epochal shifts are underway. One important shift is from a fordist phase of capitalism, centered on mass production, strong labor unions, and the normativity of the family wage, to a postfordist phase, premised on niche production, de- clining unionization, and increased female labor-force participation. Another, related shift is from an industrial society, premised on the manu- facturing technologies of the second industrial revolution, to what the or- ganizers call a knowledge society, premised on the information technologies of the third. Still another shift is from an international order of so- vereign nation-states to a globalizing order in which huge transnational flows of capital undercut national state steering capacities.
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Just energy transitions to low carbon economies: A review of the concept and its effects on labour and income
The global environmental and social crisis has motivated the renaissance of just transitions, this time centred around the effects on labour and income distribution of the shift to a sustainable energy mix. This renewed conception has gone beyond its origins in the US unions in the 1970s to become a key element in many dis- courses worldwide, with different nuances. Over the last few years, it has found a place in the SDGs and gathered strong support from the ILO. As political frameworks and literature multiply, this work presents a systematic review of the concept, its evolution and the methodologies devoted to studying it. We make three major points. First, the empirical state-of-the-art has blurred the lines of the methodological classifications found in previous studies: CGE and IAMs are two of the most popular methods, with a growing interest in hybrid approaches and system dynamics. Additionally, while most studies focus on the national level, the regional level is gaining momentum to illustrate the asymmetric effects of the transition. Second, a certain consensus has been detected to point out a positive, yet relatively small, impact of the transition on net employment and a negative effect on income distribution. Third, there is a scarcity of research about income dynamics, while studies on labour are blind to the effects of the transition on the quality of jobs, the evolution of working hours and gender. These gaps have inspired the elaboration of a research agenda that is presented at the end of the work.
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Link PPT aula 9
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Transitioning to a low carbon society through energy communities: Lessons learned from Brazil and Italy
New legal arrangements for the aggregation of distributed generation and demand are required for the future electricity grid so as to increase flexibility, resilience, citizens’ participation and also alleviate energy poverty. To promote the transitioning to a low carbon society, countries are reforming their legal framework to enable broad civic engagement in the energy markets. This work analyses the process of reform of the legal framework of the electric sector with focus on energy communities, using two study cases, one in Brazil and another in Italy. The research performed is applied, qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. The work uses multiple research methods, blending case studies, semi-structured interviews and a systematic literature review for data collection and the functional method of comparative law, discourse analysis and triangulation for data analysis. The findings suggest greater consideration of the energy poverty nexus in the policy design of the electricity sector and they also reveal the important role of specialized technical bodies and governmental institutions for the take- off and success of an energy community endeavour, highlighting crucial aspects for an energy transition aligned with the Paris Agreement and the goals of Agenda 2030.
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Energia Elétrica Renovável em Pequenas Comunidades no Brasil: Em busca de um Modelo Sustentável
2.5. Gestão de Projetos e Sistema de Eletrificação (pág. 72-81)
2.6. Indicadores de Sustentabilidade Energéticos e Sociais (pág. 81 - 91)
6. Estudos de caso (a revisão dos 6 casos serão dividida entre a turma na aula 6)
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12a aula (20/09) - SEMINÁRIO INTERNACIONAL POBREZA E JUSTIÇA ENERGÉTICA con convidados/as internacionais
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Por gentileza, aqui podem conferir o programa do seminário, mesmo link do curso no Meet, 20 de setembro desde às 14h até às 19h30 (poderia se extender um pouco a discussão final)
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