Open Access
Open Access
Index
Index
Academia (the networking and repository service), 173, 218n7
Academic freedom, 10, 13, 14, 23, 55, 59, 63, 78–79, 83–84, 86, 91, 93, 163, 192–193n4
Access. See also Digital divide; Harm to research or researchers; Knowledge; Lay readers; Libraries; Machines; Open access; Open-access journals and publishers; Repositories; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
barriers, 4–5, 7, 22, 26, 30–43, 100, 117
gaps, 4, 19, 30, 40, 42, 43, 116–117, 119
permission barriers, 5–9, 26–27, 34–35, 37, 50, 65–66, 115, 122, 125, 145, 184n11, 191n21
price barriers, 4–8, 25, 26–27, 29–35, 37, 41–42, 65–66, 115, 122
revolution in, 1–2, 20
for scholarly purposes, 5–6, 8, 73–74
universal, 26–27
unmet demand, 116–117, 119, 134
Adema, Janneke, 200n7
Ad Hoc Committee on Fair Use and Academic Freedom, 191n20
Advertising, 16–17, 135–137
AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, 118
Alberti, Fay Bound, xi
Alemayehu, Muluken Wubayehu, 189n9
Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA), 204n18, 220
American Association of University Presses (AAUP), 110, 210n10
American Physical Society (APS), 151, 215n2
American Physiological Society (APS), 178n6, 215n4
American Scientist Open Access forum, 180n7
American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB), 159
Arcadia, xi
Arizona State University, 192n3, 197–198n20
Arthritis Research Campaign, 195n9
Articles. See Journals (in general); Postprints; Preprints; Versions
Artificial scarcity, 37, 48
Arts, 30, 97
ArXiv, 57, 150–151, 188n7, 209n7, 215n2. See also Green OA (OA through repositories); Physics; Repositories
Association of American Publishers (AAP), 152
Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), 157, 216n7
Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP), 207–208n2, 216n9
Association of Research Libraries (ARL), 178n4, 181n2, 182n7, 183nn9–10, 208n4
Attribution, 7, 8, 23, 69. See also Impact
Australian National University, 197–198n20
Authors. See also Attribution; Career-building for faculty; Copyright; Impact; Prestige; Researchers; Royalties; Waivers
author addenda, 172
books and, 106–111
citations and, 15–16, 50, 102, 145, 154
control growth of OA, 77–78, 169–174
freed from market pressures by salaries, 2–4, 12–14, 17
interests in OA, 15–16
not paid for their journal articles, 2–4, 9–10, 12, 17, 21, 37, 38, 44, 64, 106–107, 111, 116, 130, 132
rights retention and, 22–23, 80–83, 87, 90, 93, 126–129, 149
sales and, 1, 5, 12–13, 15, 107–110, 129–130
Bailey, Charles W., Jr., 177n1, 208n4, 221
Baldwin, Peter, xi
Balkin, Jack, xi
Bauerlein, Mark, 181n2
Beckett, Chris, 157, 216n8
Bennett, Douglas, xi–xii
Bergstrom, Carl, 184n15
Bergstrom, Ted, 183n9, 184n15
Berkman Center, 197–199n20
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, 7–8, 71, 177n1
Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, 7–8, 71, 177n1
Bing, 56. See also Search and search engines
Bin Shafiei, Anuar, 210n9
BioMed Central, 160, 212n14, 218n8
Björnshauge, Lars, 191n20
Blogs, 49, 69, 100, 114, 163–164. See also Social media
Books, 17, 33, 49, 98–99, 106–112. See also Digitization; Print
ebook readers (hardware), 107, 108
experiments with OA books, 108, 109, 110, 200n7, 200–201n8, 201n10
green OA, 136
growth of OA books, 110, 111–112
monograph crisis, 33, 183–184n10
OA editions sometimes boost net sales of print editions, 107, 109–110, 200–201n8, 201n9
royalties and, 106–108
superseded by journals as the primary literature of science, 102
textbooks, 17, 98
Bosch, Stephen, 181n2, 182n7
Boycotts, 24–25
British Library, 218n8
Brown, Sheridan, 196n16
Brunel University, 193n5
Budapest Open Access Initiative, 7, 19, 71, 177n1, 180n9
Business models. See Artificial scarcity; Funding; Open-access journals and publishers; Revenue; Subsidies; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 208–209n4
Cambridge University, 208–209n4
Cancer Research UK, 195n9
Career-building for faculty, 12–13, 15, 16, 60, 130. See also Attribution; Authors; Impact; Prestige; Promotion and tenure
Carnegie Mellon University, 192n3
Censorship, 26
Center for Earthquake Research and Information, 202n13
Centre for Research Communications, 195n9
Chan, Leslie, 219
Charities, 14, 83–85, 160
Citations. See Attribution; Impact
Clark, Len, xii
Clarke, Roger, 185n16
Clay, William Lacy, 215n4
College of Mount Saint Vincent, 193n5
Compact for Open-Access Publishing Equity (COPE), 214n19
Concordia University, 194n5
Congress, 72, 152
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN), 146–147. See also Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics SCOAP3
Consorzio Interuniversitario Lombardo per l'Elaborazione Automatica (CILEA), 208–209n4
Contracts, 23, 33, 68, 83–88, 129, 172, 196n15
Conventional journals and publishers. See Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
Conyers, John, 206n3, 215n4
Coombs, Karen, 208n4
Copyright, 5, 129–132. See also Access; Attribution; Fair use; Libre OA; Licenses; Mandates; Misunderstandings; Permission; Policies; Public domain; Waivers
abolition of, 21
all-rights-reserved, 67–70, 72–73
author control of, 9, 77–78
Budapest/Bethesda/Berlin (BBB) statements and, 7–8, 19, 71
copyright holder consent, 9, 21, 22, 68, 125
derivative works, 8, 69, 74
expiration of, 69
as incentive for author productivity, 129–132
limited role for, 7–8
protects publishers more than authors, 5, 130
protects revenue, 125, 126, 130
publishers and, 5, 9, 34, 39, 58–60, 125–132, 156
reform of, 21, 44, 132, 166
rights retention and, 80–83, 87, 90, 93, 126–129, 149
as temporary government-granted monopoly, 39
toll-access journals and, 125–126, 129
transfers of, 5, 9, 23, 53, 68, 105, 125–126, 129, 130, 173
U.S. statute, 65–66
Creative Commons, 68–69, 72–73, 190n16, 191n20. See also Libre OA; Licenses
Credit Suisse First Boston, 185n17
Crow, Raym, 209n6
Cultural obstacles, 9, 111–112, 163–168
Cuplinskas, Darius, xii
Current awareness, 35, 122
Custom, 2, 4, 10, 20
Cystinosis Research Network, 118
Dallmeier-Tiessen, Suenje, 209–210nn7–8
Dark deposits, 52, 79, 81–82. See also Green OA (OA through repositories); Repositories
Darnton, Robert, xi, 182n5
DataCite, 218n8
Data Conversion Laboratory, xi
Davis, Crispin, 43, 186n21
Davis, Philip M., 178n6
Deposits. See Green OA; Repositories
Developing countries, 30–32, 73, 97
Digital Curation Centre, 218n8
Digital divide, 27
Digital rights management (DRM), 143
Digitization, 35, 52, 60, 98, 99, 111, 136, 174, 190n17. See also Books; Print
Dillon, Cy, 205n22
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), 72, 169, 182n3, 191n20, 218n1, 220
Directory of Open Access Repositories, 188n6, 218n6, 219
Disney, 183n8
Donnell, R. W., 203n16
Dublin Institute of Technology, 193n5
Duke University, 194n7
Earlham College, xi
Economic Implications of Alternative Scholarly Publishing Models (EI-ASPM), 207–208n2
Edgar, Brian, 212–213nn15–16
Edinburgh Napier University, 195–196n12
Edith Cowan University, 193n5
Editors. See also Peer review; Referees
generally not paid by journals, 17–18, 19, 20, 25, 37, 44, 142, 184n13
journal quality and, 171
peer review and, 19–20, 25, 37, 44, 64, 103–104, 139–140, 170
Ellis, Michael, 202n13
Elsevier, 32, 33, 43, 126, 152, 183nn8–9, 213n18
Embargoes, 60, 65, 79, 80, 110, 140, 154, 155, 159
Emery, Jill, 208n4
Emory University, 192n3
Enabling Open Scholarship (EOS), 220
EPrints repository, 194n8
European Commission for the Digital Agenda, 180n12
ExxonMobil, 183n8
Fair Copyright in Research Works Act, 206n3
Fair use, 65–68, 69, 70, 73–75, 191n21. See also Copyright; Libre OA
four characteristics relevant to OA, 65–66
judgment calls and, 35, 70, 74–75
U.S. law on, 65–66, 190n13
Fear, 17, 20, 37, 60, 74, 88, 104, 105, 139, 158–160, 165, 191n21
Fisher, Julian, 213n16
Frankel, Simon, 194n7
Fry, Jenny, 189n9
Funding, 37–39, 80, 83, 88–89, 142, 152, 156–157, 170
charitable, 14, 83–85, 160
funding contracts, 83, 87–88, 129
grants and, 13–14, 23, 80–84, 88, 129, 150, 170
National Institutes of Health (NIH) and, 80, 83–88, 126, 128, 150, 152, 155, 157
public funding, 14, 38–39, 83, 97, 116, 118, 133, 160
redirection of funds from toll-access to OA, 145–147
research and, 37–39, 80, 83, 88–89, 142, 152, 156–157, 170
Wellcome Trust and, 80, 83, 85, 87, 134, 150
Funding agencies. See also Funding; Mandates; National Institutes of Health (NIH); Policies; Research Councils UK; Wellcome Trust
OA policies, 54, 71, 72, 77–78, 80, 83–84, 89, 94, 126, 128, 129, 149–150, 155–157, 165, 172
paying publication fees, 136, 139, 170
private, 14, 83–85, 160
public, 14, 38–39, 83, 97, 116, 118, 133, 160
as stakeholders, x, 77–78, 165
upstream from publishers, 129
value adders, 37
Gargouri, Yassine, 178n6
Gasser, Urs, xii
Gates Foundation, 197–198n20
Gifts and gift culture, 14, 19, 38, 116, 196n15
Gold OA (OA through journals), 6, 18, 53. See also Green OA (OA through repositories); Libre OA; Misunderstandings; Open-access journals and publishers; Peer review
additional resources for, 220
advantages over green OA, 60–62, 65, 137
complementary with green OA, 58–65
gratis and libre OA, 53, 60–62, 67, 72–73, 129, 207n4
making your own work gold OA, 169–171
myths about, 137–140, 192–193n4
policies and, 77–79, 83–84, 91–93, 134
Google, 56. See also Search and search engines
Gratis OA, 65–75. See also Libre OA
attainability of, 71–73, 191n19
books and, 111
disparagement of, 73
fair use and, 66–67, 71–73
gold OA and, 67
green OA and, 67, 71
success stories, 71–72
Gray, Jim, 112
Green OA (OA through repositories), 6, 18, 53. See also Academic freedom; ArXiv; Dark deposits; Embargoes; Fear; Gold OA (OA through journals); Mandates; Misunderstandings; Policies; Postprints; Preprints; Prestige; Repositories; Self-archiving
additional resources on, 219
advantages over gold OA, 59–60
compatible with publishing in a toll-access journal, 54–56, 57, 59–60, 71, 84, 126, 154–155, 171, 172, 188n4
complementary with gold OA, 58–65
costs, 51, 53, 59, 62, 134, 136, 208–209n4
gratis and libre OA, 53, 60–62, 67, 71–72, 90–91, 93, 197–198n20
journal cancellations and, 62–65, 149–161
libraries and, 155–157
making your own work green OA, 171–174
mandates and, 54, 58–59, 63, 78–79, 84, 90–91, 93, 150–156
peer review and, 59, 63–64, 72, 102, 126, 171–174
permission and, 54, 57, 65, 100, 154–155, 172–174
physics and, 150–151
policies and, 59, 77–79, 83–84, 93, 149, 161
waivers and, 155
Guédon, Jean-Claude, 178n4
Haank, Derk, 160
Hagemann, Melissa, xii
Handicapped users, 27
Harm to research or researchers, 4, 5, 19, 30, 32, 34–35, 70, 74–75, 91, 99, 112, 138, 139
Harnad, Stevan, 16, 53, 178–179n6, 193n6, 207–208n2
Harris poll, 118
Harvard Open Access Project (HOAP), 220
Harvard Open-Access Publishing Equity (HOPE), 210–211n11
Harvard University, xi, 30–31, 80–82, 87–88, 149–150, 182n5, 194n7, 197–198n20
Henderson, Kittie, 181n2, 182n7
Hess, Charlotte, 178n3
Hilton, John, III, 200–201n8
Hindawi, Ahmed, 159
Hindawi Publishing, 159–160, 216–217n11
Hitchcock, Steve, 178n6, 216n5, 216n8
Houghton, John, 133, 207–208n2, 213n16
House Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, 215n4
Howard, Jennifer, 199–200n4
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 195n9
Humanities, 7, 33, 97, 114–115, 144
Hybrid journals, 140–142, 210–211n11, 211–212n13. See also Journals (in general); Open-access journals and publishers; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
Impact. See also Attribution; Authors; Career-building for faculty; Citations; Prestige
citation impact, 15–16, 50, 102, 145, 154, 178–179n6, 187n2, 216n5
writing for impact rather than money, 2, 10, 38, 130
Incentives, 2, 15–17, 19, 57, 60, 86, 111, 121–122, 129–131, 139, 155–157. See also Authors; Career-building for faculty; Impact; Libraries; Mandates; Open-access journals and publishers; Policies; Prestige; Researchers; Revenue; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
for authors to make their work OA, 15–17, 29–48, 57, 60, 78, 86, 87, 88, 121–122
for authors to publish in certain journals, 60
for authors to write, 2, 12–13, 15, 19, 129–131
for developers to create tools optimized for OA literature, 121–122
for editors and referees to participate in peer review, 19
for funding agencies and universities to adopt OA policies, 14, 77–78
for libraries to cancel toll-access journals, 30–32, 157–159
for libraries to subscribe to toll-access journals, 155–157
for publishers to lower their standards, 40, 139
for publishers to make their work OA, 121–122, 145, 159
for search engines to index OA repositories, 57
Indian Institute of Science, 30
Information overload, 120–121, 205nn23–24
Ingelfinger rule, 173
Ingenta, 147
Inger, Simon, 157, 216n8
Institute of Physics (IOP), 151, 215n2
International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM), 184n12,
207–208n2
International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 195–196n12
International Communication Association, 191n20
International Conference on Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 199n4
Internet, 1, 7, 9, 109
access to, 7, 25, 48, 116 (see also Digital divide)
Budapest Open Access Initiative and, 19
generational change and, 164–165
makes OA possible, 1, 9, 19–20
peer review and, 165–166
widens distribution and reduces costs, 44
ISI Citation Database, 187n2
Jacobs, Neil, 205n25, 216n10
Jarvis, John, 203n16
Jefferson, Thomas, 46
Jensen, Michael, 109–110, 210n9
Johnson, Richard, xii, 204n17
Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), 134
Joseph, Heather, xii
Journalism and journalists, 130, 137. See also Newspapers
Journals (in general). See also Hybrid journals; Open-access journals and publishers; Peer review; Prestige; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
evolution of, 49, 64
four functions of, 62
generally don’t pay authors, editors, or referees, 2–4, 9–10, 12, 17–18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 37, 38, 44, 64, 106–107, 111, 116, 130, 132, 142
journal articles as distinct from other genres, 2, 9–10, 12, 17, 21, 86, 106, 107, 111, 130, 132
origin of, 10, 102
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 193n5
Kaufman, Cara, 209n8
Kemp, Rebecca, 208–209n4
Kiley, Robert, xii
King, Donald, 213n18
Klusendorf, Heather, 181n2
Knowledge, 14, 41, 46, 112–113, 116. See also Research
growth of published, 41–43, 64
as nonrivalrous, 45–46, 48
as public good, 116, 143
research and, 43, 112–114 (see also Research)
Koprowski, Gene, 204n17
Kriegsman, Sue, xii
Kroes, Neelie, 180n12
Lancet, The (journal), 152
Lange, John, 13
Language barriers, 27
Lay readers, 25–26, 115–119, 203n16, 204n17, 204n20. See also Researchers
Lexis Nexis, 213n18
Libraries. See also Incentives; Open-access journals and publishers; Researchers; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers; Universities
access and, 5, 30, 35, 40–41, 48, 119, 147, 155–157
bargaining power of, 32
big deals and bundling, 32–33, 145
boycotts and, 25
budgets of, 5, 29–35, 42, 43, 65, 145–147, 160, 181n2, 186n21
collections of, 52, 111
online vs. print books in, 111
permission barriers affecting, 34–35
price barriers affecting, 4–5, 35, 42
public libraries, 119
research and, 30–32, 35, 40–41, 141, 146, 157, 160
as stakeholders, x, 41
Libre OA, 65–75. See also Copyright; Creative Commons; Fair use; Gratis OA; Licenses; Public domain
advantages of, 5–6, 73–75
attainability of, 71–73, 90–91, 93–94
Creative Commons and, 68–70
definition of OA and, 8, 71
gold OA and, 53, 67
green OA and, 62, 67, 90–91, 93, 197–198n20
licenses and, 66–70, 74–75
mandates and, 72, 90–91, 93
neglect of, 50, 53, 62, 67, 72–73
permission and, 6, 8, 50, 53, 65–70, 73–75
Licenses, 67–70. See also Copyright; Creative Commons; Libre OA
“all rights reserved” and, 67–70, 72–73
copyright and, 4, 8, 67–70 (see also Copyright)
creating your own, 70
Creative Commons and, 68–70, 72–73
legal fees and, 143
libre OA and, 66, 69–70, 74–75
open, 23, 68–75, 165
Lindberg, Donald, 204n17
Lynch, Clifford, 205n25
Machines. See also Processing; Search and search engines; Text mining
access for, 115, 120–123, 205n25
machine-readable licenses, 70
Macquarie University, 193n5
Malmö University, 193n5
Mandates. See also Academic freedom; Copyright; Funding agencies; Green OA (OA through repositories); Misunderstandings; Policies; Terminology; Theses and dissertations; Unanimous faculty votes; Universities; Waivers
academic freedom and, 23, 55, 59, 63, 78–79, 83–84, 86, 91, 93 (see also Academic freedom)
contrasted with mere requests or encouragement, 78, 88
definition, 78, 85, 86–90 (see also Terminology)
deposit mandates, 79–82, 86–87, 149
at funding agencies, 54, 71, 72, 77–78, 80, 83–84, 89, 94, 126, 128, 129, 149–150, 155–157, 165, 172, 195nn9–11 (see also Funding agencies)
gratis and libre OA and, 90–91, 93
green OA and, 54, 58–59, 63, 78–79, 84, 90–91, 93, 150–156
Harvard-style, 80–82, 87–88, 149–150
historical timing and, 90–95
libraries and, 155–157
loophole mandates, 79–82, 87, 149, 155, 193n5
no gold OA mandates, 55, 78–79, 91–93, 192–193n4
not mandatory without qualification, 81, 84–87, 149–150
policies and, 54, 58–59, 63, 78–95, 149–157, 174
rights-retention mandates, 80–83, 87, 90, 93, 126–129, 149, 194n7
three basic types, 79–81
at universities, 79–90, 96, 149 (see also Universities)
Markets, 10, 12, 13, 38–39, 41, 44, 130, 184n14. See also Monopolies and anti-competitive practices
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 82, 181n2, 194n7
McAfee, Preston, 183n9, 184n15
McMillan, Gail, 199n4
McPherson, Isaac, 46
McPherson, James, 33, 138n10
McVeigh, Marie E., 187n2
Medknow, 159, 212n14, 216n10
Mendeley, 173, 218n7
Merck Company Foundation, 197–198n20
Metadata, 81–82, 110
Milloy, Caren, 200–201n8
Minho University, 194n8
Misunderstandings, x, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 71, 72, 88, 89, 99–100, 103, 111, 137–140, 163–168, 189n9, 192–193n4, 217n3
Mitchell, Anne, 208n4
Molecular Biology of the Cell (journal), 159
Monographs. See Books
Monopolies and anti-competitive practices, 32, 33, 38, 39–40, 130 (see also Markets)
Moral hazard, 41, 185n18
Morris, Chris, 208n4
Morris, Sally, 184n15
Morrison, Heather, 213n18
Morrison, James, 205n22
Movies and moviemakers, 8, 9, 12–13, 20
Music and musicians, 8, 9, 12–13, 20
Napier University, 195–196n12
National Academies Press, 109–110, 201n9
National Institutes of Health (NIH). See also Funding; Funding agencies; Mandates
copyright and, 126, 128
green OA and, 150, 152, 155, 157
OA (or “public access”) policy, 72, 80, 83–88, 126, 128, 150, 180n1, 188n4, 191n19, 195nn9–10, 197n19, 206n1, 206n3, 214n1, 215nn3–4, 216n7
National Library of Medicine, 117, 204n17
National Science Laboratory, China, 195–196n12
National University of Ireland, 208–209n4
Nature Publishing Group (NPG), 154–155, 216n6
Neston, Shannon, 194n7
Newspapers, 98. See also Journalism and journalists
Next Generation Learning Challenges, 197–198n20
Nonrivalrous property, 45–48
Novels and novelists, 9, 12–13, 17, 98, 130–131
Oberlin College, 194n7
Office of System wide Library Planning, 181n2
O’Leary, Brian, 200–201n8
Onsrud, Harlan, xii
Open access. See also Access; Gold OA (through journals); Gratis OA; Green OA (through repositories); Impact; Libre OA; Open-access journals and publishers
benefits, ix, 5–6, 15–16, 24, 26, 102, 114–115, 117–118, 122, 133, 137, 145, 178–179n6
definition, 4, 7–8
disciplinary differences and, 64, 97, 119, 137, 142, 144, 151–152, 209n7
economic benefit-cost ratios, 107–108, 133–134, 207–208n2
goal constructive, not destructive, 24
growth of, 8, 77, 144, 177–178n2
objections to, 37–38, 116, 117, 133, 139, 140, 144, 149–161
scope of, 9, 17, 97–124
as seizing opportunities, 20, 43–48
as solving problems, 29–43, 167
transition to, 8–9, 18, 62–63, 133, 140, 145–147, 149, 163–168
vehicles for, 6, 49, 67
what it is not, 20–27
Open Access Directory (OAD), 170, 188n4, 188n6, 195n10, 197n17, 200nn6–7, 206n2, 209n6, 214n19, 218n2, 218nn5–6, 218n8, 219–221
Open-access journals and publishers. See also Funding; Gold OA (through journals); Gratis OA; Impact; Journals; Libre OA; Peer review; Prestige; Publishing (in general); Repositories; Societies, scholarly; Sustainability; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
business models, 18–19, 37–38, 49, 53, 103, 110, 136–143, 170, 209n6
costs, 18, 21–22, 47, 53, 136, 142–144, 166
fee-based OA journals, 136, 138–142, 145–147, 170, 209–210n8, 210–211n11
for-profit, 18–19, 38, 50, 62, 142, 167, 212n14
libre OA, 50, 53, 60–62, 67, 72–73
newer than toll-access journals, 50, 170, 171, 187n3
no-fee OA journals, 136–137, 140, 142, 170, 171, 209–210n8
nonprofit, 50, 142, 212n14
quality, 19, 33, 39, 40, 49–50, 54, 100, 104, 105, 117–118, 139, 143, 144, 145, 160, 167, 169–170, 171, 185n17
submissions, 15, 91, 93, 145, 159, 170, 216–217n11
Open Access News (OAN), 221
Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN), 200n7
Open Access Scholarly Information Sourcebook (OASIS), 219
Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), 69, 171, 191n18, 210n9, 218n3, 220
Open Access Tracking Project (OATP), 219
OpenAire, 173, 218n7
Open Archives Initiative (OAI), 56–57, 188n5, 218n7
Open data, xi, 35, 60, 63, 86, 98, 99, 173–174
OpenDepot, 173, 218n7
OpenDoar, 219
Open educational resources (OER) and open courseware (OCW), xi, 52, 99, 136
Open Journal Systems, 143, 212–213n15
Open review, 104
Open science, xi
Open Society Foundations, xi
Open-source and free software, xi, 60, 66–67, 98, 99, 143, 190n14, 212n15
Optical Society of America, 212n14
O’Reilly, Tim, 180n8, 200–201n8
Oriental Institute, 200–201n8
Oslo University, 189n9
Ostrom, Elinor, 178n3
Palfrey, John, xii
Parma, Ramesh C., 216n10
Patterson, L. Ray, 130–131, 207n5
Peek, Robin, 182n5, 219
Peer review, 8, 17–21, 25, 37, 44, 62, 98, 99–100, 103–104, 139, 142, 164–166, 170, 173. See also Editors; Misunderstandings; Open-access journals and publishers; Postprints; Referees; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
bypassing, 20–21, 58, 99, 100, 102, 163, 165–166
costs, 137, 139, 142–143, 145, 163, 170
decoupling from distribution, 64
editors and, 19–20, 25, 37, 44, 64, 103–104, 139–140, 170
generally carried out by unpaid volunteers, 7, 17–18, 19, 20, 25, 37, 142, 184n13
gold OA and, 59, 62, 72, 84, 100
green OA and, 59, 63, 64, 72, 102, 126, 171–174
open review, 104
postprints and, 99–104, 173
preprints and, 52, 98–104
referees and, 17–21, 25, 37, 44, 98, 103–104, 139, 142, 170, 173
reform of, 20, 102–104
rejection rates and, 40
repositories and, 51–53, 64, 171
revenue and, 17, 20–21, 38, 103, 137, 139–140, 167
scholarship and, 17
survival of, 62, 64, 147
Permission. See also Copyright; Creative Commons; Fair use; Libre OA; Licenses; Public domain
barriers as access barriers (see Access)
blanket permission for green OA, 54–56, 57, 59, 71, 84, 126, 172, 188n4
contracts and, 129
gratis and libre OA and, 6, 8, 50, 53, 60–62, 65–70, 71–75
green and gold OA and, 53, 57, 65, 100, 154–155, 172–174
policies and, 79–83, 90, 93
Physics, 57, 63–64, 146, 150–153, 156. See also ArXiv; CERN
Pitts, Lawrence H., 186n22
Plagiarism, 23–24
PLoS ONE, 212n14
Policies. See also Academic freedom; Copyright; Funding agencies; Green OA (OA through repositories); Mandates; Unanimous faculty votes; Universities; Waivers
funding and, 71, 77–80, 83–89, 94, 126, 128, 172–173, 192n2
gold OA and, 77–79, 83–84, 91–93, 134, 192–193n4
gratis OA and, 71–72
green OA and, 59, 77–79, 83–84, 93, 149, 161
historical timing and, 71–73, 90–95
libre OA and, 72, 90–91, 93
mandates and, 54, 58–59, 63, 78–95, 149–157, 174, 192n2, 192–193n4
permission and, 79–83, 84, 90, 93
repositories and, 77, 79–83, 86–87, 174
SHERPA and, 171
universities and, 4, 23, 59, 71–72, 77–87, 90, 128, 149–150, 172–173, 192n2
waivers and, 80–84, 87–94, 155
Postprints. See also Peer review; Preprints; Versions
gold OA and, 60, 100
green OA and, 60, 100, 173, 199n2
peer review and, 99–104, 173
Poynder, Richard, 178n3, 186n20, 189n10, 189–190n12, 200n5, 202–203n14
Preprints, 114. See also Ingelfinger rule; Peer review; Postprints; Versions
green OA and, 60, 63, 100, 173
peer review and, 20–21, 52, 98–104
Preservation, 6, 34, 52, 62, 63, 74, 102, 136, 167
Prestige, 16, 40, 50, 54–55, 60–61, 84, 167, 169–170, 171. See also Authors; Career-building for faculty; Impact; Journals (in general); Open-access journals and publishers; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
Prices. See Access; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
Print, 1, 18, 34, 35, 47, 108–111, 137, 144, 166, 167. See also Books; Digitization
print-era models, 18, 111, 144
print-on-demand (POD), 108
rivalrous, 47–48
Processing, 5–6, 44, 120–123. See also Machines; Search and search engines; Text mining
Promotion and tenure, 13, 60, 86, 130, 195–196n12. See also Career-building for faculty; Prestige; Universities
Public domain, 21, 69, 99, 111, 125, 190n17. See also Copyright; Libre OA
Public Knowledge, xi
Public Knowledge Project, 143
Public Library of Science, 142, 212n14
Publishers. See Open-access journals and publishers; Societies, scholarly; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
Publishers Association (PA), 207–208n2
Publishing (in general). See also Open-access journals and publishers; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
added value, 35, 142–143, 145
costs, 21–22, 119, 142–144
Publishing and the Ecology of European Research (PEER), 189n9, 215n4
Publishing Research Consortium (PRC), 134, 157–158
PubMed Central, 57, 188n7. See also Repositories
Queensland University of Technology, 193n6
Queen’s University, 192n3
Rausing, Lisbet, xii
Readers. See Lay readers; Researchers
Referees. See also Peer review
fee waivers and, 139, 170
generally not paid by journals, 17–18, 19, 20, 25, 37, 44, 142, 184n13
incentives for, 19
networks to find, 103
preprints and, 21, 98
standards and, 104
value adders, 37
Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR), 188n6, 192n2, 218n6, 219
Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policies (ROARMAP), 192n2, 193n4, 219
Repositories, 49, 52, 67, 111. See also ArXiv; Dark deposits; Green OA (OA through repositories); Open Archives Initiative (OAI); PubMed Central; Self-archiving
contents, variety of, 52, 134–136, 173–174
costs, 51, 53, 59, 62, 134, 136, 208–209n4
dark deposits and, 52, 81–82
disciplinary, 57, 173 (see also ArXiv; PubMed Central)
institutional, 57, 80, 86, 134–136, 173
interoperable, 56–57
peer review and, 51–53, 64, 171
policies and, 77, 79–83, 86–87, 174
purposes of, 134–135
unfamiliarity with, 52, 55, 58
universal repositories, 173
Research. See also Harm to research or researchers; Knowledge; Mandates; Policies; Processing; Researchers
grants and, 13–14, 23, 80–84, 88, 129, 150, 170
growth of published research, 41–43, 64
inquiry and truth-seeking, 10–12, 13, 14, 112–115, 120–121
libraries and, 30–32, 35, 40–41, 141, 146, 156–157, 160
policies and, 78–89, 93–95
public interests served by, ix, 14
as wider category than knowledge, 112–115
Research Councils UK, 155
Researchers. See also Authors; Harm to research or researchers; Lay readers
as authors, 2–4, 9–12, 15–17, 25, 77, 102
as readers, 15, 25, 40–41, 102, 119
unfamiliarity with OA, x, 40–41, 55, 58, 77
Research Information Network, 30, 134, 182n4, 184n13
Research Libraries UK, 134, 182n7
Revenue. See also Funding; Open-access journals and publishers; Royalties; Sustainability; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
academic freedom and, 10, 13, 14
access and, 38, 114–115
advertising and, 135–137
authors and, 1, 2–4, 5, 9–10, 12–13, 17, 21, 37, 38, 44, 64, 106–111, 116, 130, 132
books and, 106–112
consent to OA without loss of, 9–10, 17–18, 20–21, 44, 106, 107, 111
copyright and, 5, 44, 130, 132 (see also Copyright)
distribution and, 129, 142
hybrid journals and double-dipping and, 141, 211–212n13
limiting access and, 36
profits and, 10, 13–14, 19, 29, 32–33, 38, 40, 50, 62, 77, 118, 142–145, 160, 167
protection of, 125, 129–130
Reynolds, Larry, 203n16
Rights MEtadata for Open archiving database (RoMEO), 188n4, 219
Rivalrous property. See Nonrivalrous property
Roche, Ellen, 217n2
Rockefeller Foundations, 197–198n20
Rowse, Mark, 147
Royal Library, Sweden, 197–198n20
Royalties. See also Incentives; Revenue
academic salaries and, 12–14
audience size and, 15, 20, 130
books and, 106–108
copyright reform and, 132 (see also Copyright)
deprivation of, 12, 21–22
making a living and, 1–2, 12, 21, 106
moviemakers and, 12
musicians and, 12–13
novelists and, 12–13
risks to, 21, 108
royalty-free literature, 9–13, 17, 21, 106, 130, 132
royalty-producing literature, 12, 17, 106, 132
RSS feeds, 49
Sahu, D. K., 216n10
Sale, Arthur, 188n8
Sales. See Revenue
San Jose State University, 192n3
Scaling (with the growth of published knowledge), 41–43, 59, 64, 134, 186n20
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), xi
SPARC Europe Seal of Approval program, 69, 191nn18–20, 220
Scholars. See Researchers
Schroeder, Patricia, 152
Search and search engines, 35, 56, 57, 70, 82, 108, 120–122. See also Machines; Processing; Text mining
Select Committee on Science and Technology, 203n16
Self-archiving, 53, 105, 151, 154–155. See also Deposits; Green OA (OA through repositories); Repositories
Shao, Jufang, 178n4
Sheehan, Peter, 133, 207n2
Shen, Huiyun, 178n4
SHERPA database, 171, 188n4, 211n12, 218n4, 219
Shieber, Stuart, xii, 30, 87, 182n5, 196n14, 209n8
Shirky, Clay, 121, 205n24
Simons, Spencer, 208n4
Skurnik, David, xii
Social media, 100, 102–103, 104. See also Blogs; Wikis
Societies, scholarly. See also Open-access journals and publishers; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
society publishers, 33, 40, 50, 184–185n15
as stakeholders in OA, x, 136, 165
Software. See Machines; Open-source and free software; Processing; Search and search engines; Text mining
Sohn, Gigi, xii
Southampton University, 193n6, 194n8
Spina Bifida Association of America, 118
Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP3), 146–147, 189n11, 214n20. See also CERN
Springer, 160, 200–201n8
Stanford University School of Education, 194n7
Steele, Colin, 207n2
Stone, Graham, 196n16
Strathmore University, 194n7
Study of Open Access Publishing (SOAP), 209n7, 211n12
Suber, Peter, 177nn1–2, 178n3, 178n5, 180nn10–11, 180–181n1, 184n11, 184n14, 186nn19–20, 186–187n23, 187n1, 189–190nn10–12, 190n15, 191n19, 192n1, 193n4, 195n9, 195–196nn11–13, 197nn17–18, 199n1, 199n3, 200n5, 202nn11–12, 202–203nn14–15, 205nn21–23, 206n1, 206n3, 207n1, 209n5, 210n10, 211–212nn13–14, 214n20, 214n1, 217n1, 217–218n3
Subsidies, 38–39, 136–137, 144. See also Funding; Open-access journals and publishers; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
SURFShare, 189n9
Sustainability, 29, 30, 38, 43, 62, 64, 142, 145, 158, 158–159, 160. See also Open-access journals and publishers; Revenue; Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers
Swan, Alma, 89, 178n6, 192n4, 196n16, 207n2, 215n2, 219
Swedish Research Council, 195n9
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 192n3
Tagler, John, 211n12
Terminology, 6, 22, 53, 66, 70, 86–90, 138
“author fees” and “author pays,” 138
“BBB” definition of OA, 7
“conventional” journals and publishers, 6
“free,” 67
“gold OA,” 6, 53
“gratis OA,” 6, 65–67
“green OA,” 6, 53
“libre OA,” 6, 65–67
“mandates,” 78, 86–90, 196n13, 196n14
“open,” 67
“open access,” 9, 27, 66
“preprint” and “postprint,” 100–101
“self-archiving,” 53
“toll access,” 6
Text mining, 5, 74, 122. See also Machines; Processing; Search and search engines
Theses and dissertations, 16, 98–99, 104–106, 195n12, 199n4. See also Green OA (OA through repositories); Repositories; Universities
author rights and, 105
dark deposits and, 52
green OA and, 60, 63, 174
invisibility of, 104–106
mandates and, 86
quality, 104–106
repositories and, 52, 136, 174
self-archiving and, 105
Thomson Scientific, 50, 187n2
Toll-access (or conventional) journals and publishers, 6, 14, 18, 21, 24, 29, 32, 35, 37–38, 40, 50–54, 55, 62–63, 125, 129, 143–144, 151–152, 161, 169. See also Boycotts; Journals (in general); Libraries; Monopolies and anti-competitive practices; Open-access journals and publishers; Peer review; Prestige; Publishing (in general); Societies, scholarly; Sustainability
access and, 34, 37–38, 43, 119–122, 125
access barriers and, 14, 38, 48, 93
accommodate OA policies, 54, 55–56, 84, 91, 93, 94, 126, 128, 172–173, 188n4, 195n10, 197n19
adaptation to growth of OA, 18, 24, 35–37, 94, 95, 104, 140, 145–146, 147
author rights and, 5, 9, 23, 53, 105, 108, 110
author-side fees and, 9–10, 138–139
big deals and bundling, 32–33, 145, 182–183n7, 183n9
books, 108, 110
boycotts and, 24–25
business models, 24, 37–43, 48, 110, 126, 159–160
cancellations, 30, 32, 62–63, 64, 65, 147, 151, 152, 154–155, 157–158, 159–160, 186n19, 216n9
confidentiality or nondisclosure clauses, 33, 34
content protection measures and, 40, 119, 143
contracts and, 23, 33, 68, 83–88, 129, 172
conversion to OA, 15, 18, 19, 59, 62–63, 94, 104, 140, 144–147, 159–160, 213n18
copyright and, 5, 9, 34, 37, 39, 58–60, 125–132, 156
costs, 119, 142–144
deposit mandates and, 79–81, 87
disintermediation of, 19, 44
downloads, 152–154
experiments with OA, 18, 24, 100, 154
libraries and, 32, 34, 35, 40, 121, 147, 160
licensing agreements, 34–35
lobbying, 18, 25, 43, 72, 90, 116, 151–152, 156, 159
loophole mandates and, 79, 81–82
negotiation with, by authors, 60, 80, 105, 172–173
negotiation with, by libraries, 34–35, 143, 147
nonprofit, 33, 40, 50 (see also Societies, scholarly)
opposition to OA, x, 18, 58, 71–72, 105, 111
peer review and, 30, 59, 100, 117, 140, 144, 147, 156, 159
permission and, 53–54, 57, 90, 126
policies and, 79–84, 87–95
power to protect themselves from OA policies, 126–128, 149–150
prices and price increases, 25, 29–33, 39, 40, 41–42, 64, 158–159, 181n2, 182n5, 182–183n7, 184–185n15, 186n19, 186n21
profits, 29, 32, 40, 50, 143, 145, 160–161, 183n8
public subsidies and, 38–39
quality, 19, 32, 33, 39, 40–41, 49–50, 54, 56, 60, 61, 104, 117–118, 139, 184–185n15
rejection rates and, 40, 94
revenue and, 18–19, 32, 37–38, 40, 133, 141–147, 159
rights-retention mandates and, 80–83
risks and perceived risks from OA, 18, 24–25, 64–65, 149–161, 215n4
submissions, 15, 145, 151, 159
subscriptions and, 16–19, 29–35, 39–44, 59, 119, 140–147, 150–161
sustainability, 29, 43, 64, 142, 145, 158–160
usage, 32, 39
use of unpaid volunteers, 2–4, 9–10, 12, 17–18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 37, 38, 44, 64, 106–107, 111, 116, 130, 132, 142, 184n13
variety of positions on OA (not monolithic), 18
voluntary permission for green OA, 18, 54–56, 57, 59–60, 71, 84, 126, 154–155, 188n4
Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training (TAACCCT), 197–198n20
Trinity University, 194n7
UK Department of Health, 195n9
UK Medical Research Council, 195n9
UK PubMed Central (UKPMC), 197n20
Unanimous faculty votes, 72, 82, 89–90, 93, 191n19, 194n7, 197n17, 217n3. See also Mandates; Policies; Universities
Universal access, 26–27
Universities. See also Libraries; Mandates; Policies; Promotion and tenure; Repositories; Theses and dissertations; Unanimous faculty votes
libraries and, 32, 42, 111, 147, 174
mandates, 79–90, 96, 149 (see also Mandates)
paying publication fees, 136, 139, 145, 147, 170, 210–211n11, 214n19
policies, 4, 23, 59, 71–72, 77–87, 90, 94, 128, 129, 149–150, 172–173 (see also Policies)
public funding for public purpose of, 14, 38–39
salaries and, 12, 14, 17
as stakeholders in OA, x, 77–78
upstream from publishers, 129
usefulness or utility of research, ix, 5, 6, 40, 75, 102, 115, 121–123
University College London, 193n5
University of Athabasca, 192n3
University of Bielefeld, 192n3
University of Calgary, 210n11
University of California, 181n2, 186n22
University of Chicago, 200–201n8
University of Ghent, 193n5
University of Hawaii-Manoa, 194n7
University of Hong Kong, 194n6
University of Kansas, 194n7
University of Liège, 194n6, 195–196n12
University of Maine, xi
University of Memphis, 202n13
University of Minho, 193n6
University of Northern Colorado Libraries, 194n6
University of Oregon, 192n3, 194n7
University of Oregon Department of Romance Languages, 194n7, 195–196n12
University of Oregon Library Faculty, 194n7
University of Pretoria, 194n6
University of Puerto Rico Law School, 194n7
University of Salford, 194n6
University of Sassari, 192n3, 197–198n20
University of Strathclyde, 193n5
University of Tampere, 192n3
University of Utrecht, 192n3
University of Virginia, 192n3
University of Washington, 192n3
University of Westminster, 193n5
University of Zurich, 193n5
U.S. Congress, 72, 152, 187n24
U.S. Department of Education, 197–198n20
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 197–198n20
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 197–198n20
U.S. Department of Labor, 197–198n20
U.S. Department of State, 197–198n20
U.S. Institute of Medicine, 197–198n20
Varmus, Harold, 187n24
Velterop, Jan, 41, 145, 185n18, 196n13, 213n17
Versions, 62, 74, 100–102, 155–156, 174, 199n2. See also Postprints; Preprints
Vézina, Kumiko, 196n16
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 193n5
Wagner, Ben, 178n6
Waivers, 23. See also Copyright; Mandates; Open-access journals and publishers; Policies
no waiver options in some funder mandates, 83–84, 87, 150, 155, 195n9
waiving provisions of OA policies or mandates, 23, 80–84, 87–94, 150, 155
waiving publication fees at fee-based OA journals, 136–137, 139, 170, 210n10
waiving rights under copyright law for libre OA, 68, 165
Wake Forest University Library Faculty, 194n7
Washington, H. A., 187n24
Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges (SBCTC), 197–198n20
Washington State University, 33
Weitzman, Jonathan B., 216n10
Wellcome Trust, xi, 80, 83, 85, 87, 134, 150, 195n9, 197–198n20. See also Funding; Funding agencies; Mandates
Wikipedia, 114, 164
Wikis, 49, 100, 114, 164, 190n14
Wiley, David, 200–201n8
Wiley Europe, 203n16
Willinsky, John, 212–213nn15–16
Wills, Alma, 209n8
Wright, Robert, 208n4
Yahoo, 56. See also Search and search engines
Yale University, 30, 205n23
Yale Law School Information Society Project, xi
York University, 192n3